Alcohol: Impaired Musculoskeletal Healing and Increased Injury Risk
Alcohol use negatively impacts musculoskeletal recovery by promoting systemic oxidative stress, inhibiting mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, and interfering with key repair signaling pathways, including TGF-β (which regulates cell growth, immune responses, and wound healing) and Wnt (critical for stem cell maintenance, tissue repair, and developmental shaping) [Hata & Chen, 2016; Tzavlaki & Moustakas, 2020; Deng et al., 2024; Rim et al., 2022; Steinhart & Angers, 2018; Hayat et al., 2022; Roper et al., 2016; Driver et al., 2015].
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Impairment
Delayed Bone Healing and Reduced Mechanical Strength
Alcohol reduces osteoblast activity and bone remodeling, delaying fracture healing, lowering biomechanical strength, and increasing the risk of nonunion or delayed union [Roper et al., 2016; Driver et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2020].
Slower Tendon, Ligament, and Muscle Recovery
Alcohol impairs fibroblast function, collagen synthesis, and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, slowing tendon, ligament, and muscle repair. This contributes to muscle weakness, atrophy, and compromised tissue resilience during recovery [Dekeyser et al., 2013; Hapa et al., 2009].
Higher Risk of Wound and Soft Tissue Complications
Alcohol disrupts inflammatory and reparative cell responses, leading to delayed wound closure, impaired immune function, and increased infection risk. Both acute and chronic heavy consumption exacerbate these effects [Anderson & Hamm, 2014; Dekeyser et al., 2013; Hapa et al., 2009].
Clinical Implications
Individuals who consume alcohol are at higher risk of complications following fractures, surgical procedures, or musculoskeletal injuries. Impaired tissue repair increases the likelihood of chronic deficits, prolonged recovery, and susceptibility to reinjury. Reducing or abstaining from alcohol during the healing period can improve outcomes and restore musculoskeletal function [Xu et al., 2020; Roper et al., 2016].
References:
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